Scientific references

Regulatory status sources

• BPC-157

  Not approved by the FDA or any regulator; FDA reviewed it for its July 2026 compounding advisory committee.

  FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing document: BPC-157 (memo dated May 11, 2026) · checked 2026-11-08

• CJC-1295 (with DAC)

  Not approved by the FDA or any regulator found; FDA lists it among bulk substances nominated for compounding and withdrawn.

  FDA: Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks (page current as of 2026-04-22) · checked 2026-11-08

• Dulaglutide

  FDA-approved as Trulicity for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes.

  TRULICITY (dulaglutide) injection, US prescribing information, section 12.3 · checked 2026-11-08

• GHK-Cu

  Not approved as a drug by the FDA; FDA lists GHK-Cu for injectable routes among bulk substances nominated for compounding and withdrawn.

  FDA: Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks (page current as of 2026-04-22) · checked 2026-11-08

• Ipamorelin

  Not approved by the FDA; FDA lists ipamorelin among bulk substances that may present significant safety risks in compounding.

  FDA: Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks (page current as of 2026-04-22) · checked 2026-11-08

• Liraglutide

  FDA-approved as Victoza (type 2 diabetes) and Saxenda (chronic weight management); generic liraglutide is also marketed.

  VICTOZA (liraglutide) injection, US prescribing information, section 12.3 · checked 2026-11-08

• MOTS-c

  Not approved by the FDA or any regulator; FDA reviewed it for its July 2026 compounding advisory committee.

  FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing document: MOTS-c (memo dated May 11, 2026) · checked 2026-11-08

• Retatrutide

  Investigational and not approved by the FDA or any other regulator. Eli Lilly has said it plans to submit a Biologics License Application in Q1 2027.

  Eli Lilly press release, July 23, 2026: retatrutide phase 3 results; BLA submission planned for Q1 2027 · checked 2026-11-08

• Semaglutide

  FDA-approved as Ozempic (injection and tablets) and Rybelsus for type 2 diabetes, and as Wegovy (injection and tablets) for chronic weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction.

  WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection and tablets, US prescribing information, section 12.3 · checked 2026-11-08

• Sermorelin

  Formerly FDA-approved as Geref; approval was withdrawn in 2009 after the sponsor discontinued it, and FDA later determined it was not withdrawn for safety or effectiveness reasons. No US product is currently approved.

  Federal Register 78 FR 14095: determination that GEREF was not withdrawn for reasons of safety or effectiveness (2013) · checked 2026-11-08

• SS-31 (elamipretide)

  FDA accelerated approval (September 2025) as Forzinity to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome; continued approval may depend on a confirmatory trial.

  FORZINITY (elamipretide) injection, US prescribing information · checked 2026-11-08

• TB-500

  Not approved by the FDA or any regulator; FDA reviewed it for its July 2026 compounding advisory committee.

  FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee briefing document: TB-500 (memo dated May 15, 2026) · checked 2026-11-08

• Tesamorelin

  FDA-approved (Egrifta SV, Egrifta WR) to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

  EGRIFTA WR (tesamorelin) for injection, US prescribing information, section 12.3 · checked 2026-11-08

• Thymosin Alpha-1

  Not FDA-approved; marketed as Zadaxin in a number of other countries (status last reported by its sponsor in 2017).

  SciClone Pharmaceuticals Form 10-K for fiscal 2016 (ZADAXIN approval status) · checked 2026-11-08

• Tirzepatide

  FDA-approved as Mounjaro (type 2 diabetes) and Zepbound (chronic weight management; obstructive sleep apnea with obesity).

  MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection, US prescribing information, section 12.3 · checked 2026-11-08

Compounds without a human half-life

• BPC-157

  No human pharmacokinetic study reports a half-life. FDA’s 2026 compounding briefing found no human PK data for oral, subcutaneous, nasal or transdermal use; a small intravenous human pilot measured safety only. The animal values below come from rats and dogs and do not transfer to people.

• GHK-Cu

  No human half-life has been published. Human studies are topical or formulation studies, and the one rat assay paper found (on GHK without copper) describes rapid breakdown without reporting a half-life.

• MOTS-c

  FDA’s 2026 briefing found no in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in any species and no clinical PK data. A laboratory study found rapid breakdown in human whole blood but reported no half-life value.

• TB-500

  FDA’s 2026 briefing found no human pharmacokinetic studies of TB-500, and the one in-vivo study it cites (in horses) reports no half-life. Human values published for full-length thymosin beta-4 (Wang et al., J Cell Mol Med 2021) describe a different molecule and are not used here.